Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Introduction. Cortisol Is A Steroid Hormone, Found In

Introduction: Cortisol is a steroid hormone, found in the glucocorticoids (GC) class of hormones. It controls many physiological processes, vital for the survival of humans. This includes â€Å"metabolism, immune response, cardiovascular activity, and brain function† (Chung et al. 2011). Over and above control functions, cortisol also helps regulate blood pressure and its use of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. There is a strong correlation between stressful situations and circulating cortisol levels. The body response to stressful physiological or psychological situations by increasing the amount of cortisol secreted. This secretion causes the breakdown of muscle protein, which leads to the release of amino acids into the bloodstream. These†¦show more content†¦We can respond and cope with physical and emotional stresses because GC exerts effects in the body to maintain homeostasis (Chung et al. 2011) â€Å"Despite the relatively large number of studies that evalu ated stress provoked changes in cortisol secretion, the influence of a great number of variables remains to be determined† (Michaud et al. 2008). A report, written by Matheson and Cole (as cited in Michaud et al. 2008) stated that threats to an individual’s group were related to the increase in cortisol levels, particularly among individuals who had the tendency to express higher levels of anger. This experiment involved the use an of ELISA kit which stands for Enzyme- Linked- ImmunoSorbent Assay. This is based on the principle of competitive binding. A mouse monoclonal antibody coats the microplate wells directed towards an antigenic site on the cortisol molecule. Endogenous cortisol of a patient sample competes with a cortisol-horseradish peroxidase conjugate for binding to the coated antibody. I hypothesize that the amount of cortisol produced by a human, increases during the start of the day as compared to the middle and end. I also hypothesize that the amount of cortisol produced increases when he/she is placed under stressful conditions. Thus, two experiments had to be conducted. The first, to examine the circadian periodicity of circulating cortisol to determineShow MoreRelatedProtein Steroid Management Of Patients With A Normal Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pages Pituitary Surgery Perioperative Steroid Management in Patients with a Normal Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis INTRODUCTION Surgery on the pituitary gland and around the sellar region is of special interest to the neurosurgeon. The approach to the gland has evolved over the past 50 years and so has the role of steroids in the perioperative management of these patients. Being one of the organs that play a key role in the hormonal balance of an individual, the neurosurgeon should be particularly carefulRead MorePsychological And Sociological Factors Of Stress1558 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stress is defined as ‘any situation which tends to disturb the equilibrium between a living organism and its environment’1. Equilibrium is restored through biological actions such as hormone secretion which lead to physiological changes that prepare one for the fight or flight response. As a junior doctor, Mark is exposed every day to many stressors such as death, suffering and long hours. There are also many psychological and sociological factors in the work environment which can furtherRead MoreCase Study in Nursing8060 Words   |  33 PagesINTRODUCTION Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a complex series of rare but well-studied enzymatic errors of metabolism with deficient levels of different enzymes involved in the synthesis of cortisol (hydrocortisone). CAH comprises a group of disorders resulting from defective synthesis of adrenal corticosteroids. Lack of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol, causes various kinds of metabolic problems. The response to low levels of cortisol is increased production of corticotropinRead MoreThe Endocrine System And Its Normal Physiology2036 Words   |  9 Pages endocrinology is defined as a study of endocrine glands and their secretions [12]. The human body has a lot of hormones that are released into the blood. In the following paper, endocrinology will be mainly addressed from a toxicological perspective. 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The adaptogens improve the response to stress and help the body to adapt by normalizing physiological processes in times of increased stress. Ashwagandha is most popular among them. INTRODUCTION: Human society has more evolved and become more demanding in many centuries but our physiological mechanism to cope up with adversities of life and nature has not evolved appreciably.1 hence our physiological response to rapid change in lifestyleRead MoreA Look At The Biological Changes And Adaptations Conferring The Ability Of Transition Between Freshwater And Seawater3077 Words   |  13 Pages Anadromy in salmonids: a look at the biological changes and adaptations conferring the ability to transition between freshwater and seawater Sarah Davis 27600105 Applied Biology 418 Dr. Ackerman October 2, 2014 Introduction Diadromous fish are those that undergo regular migrations between two distinctly different biomes: freshwater and saltwater (McDowall 1997). These migrations are physiologically mediated, occur at anticipated times within a fish’s life history, and involve twoRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder : Neural Correlates And Biomarkers2368 Words   |  10 Pagesamygdala. The hippocampus has also been found to play a role as during the recall and encoding of negative stimuli, there is an amplified coupling of amygdala and hippocampus activation. When examining biomarkers, PTSD is associated with increased systemic inflammation (represented through inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species), decreased serum BDNF and decreased cortisol. In pilot studies, the reversal of PTSD associated decreases in BDNF and cortisol has significantly alleviated PTSD symptomsRead MoreThe Hypothalamus : Human Body s Internal Balance System1824 Words   |  8 Pages The Hypothalamus Rocky Martinez Professor Linderman Psychology 101 29 April 2015 Introduction The part of the brain that caught my attention that made me want to learn more was the Hypothalamus. The Hypothalamus is an almond shaped part of the brain that is quite intriguing as it has many different types of jobs that help us function in our everyday life. Do not let the size of the Hypothalamus fool you as it plays a huge part in our body’s internal balance system. In this paperRead MoreINTRODUCTION According to Innerbody.com, the endocrine system is composed for the glands and the1800 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION According to Innerbody.com, the endocrine system is composed for the glands and the hormones. These two main elements are closely related to the nervous system because it is the nervous system the one that stimulates the glands to produce hormones. The glands main function is to regulate the organs in the body. Body’s homeostasis is the term we use to explain how glands and hormones create an inner stability in organs to resist the outside environment (opencurriculum.org 2013). Hypothalamus

Monday, December 16, 2019

The Fundamental And Structural Principles Of The...

A constitution refers to a set of rules and guidelines intended to create both the fundamental and structural principles of the government in a state or nation. A constitution is either written or unwritten. On one hand, a written constitution is a formal document that defines the attributes or characteristics of the constitutional settlement, the rules governing the political system and the roles and responsibilities of the government and rights of citizens and inhabitants in a codified form (Shamgar 345). On the other hand, an unwritten or uncodified constitution refers to a form of the constitution where the essential rules of any nation’s government are in the form of customs, precedent, usage, and a range of statutes and legal instruments. Only three countries in the world have an unwritten constitution. They include the United Kingdom, Israel, and New Zealand. Ordinarily, a constitution is written following major political revolutions or reforms. For instance, the United States of America wrote their constitution in 1787 following the Second World War. Germany and Japan also wrote theirs at that time. Written Constitution versus Unwritten Constitution Traditionally, there were two main reasons why constitutions were essential. First, it offered an explanation on the structure of the government and its roles and responsibilities. Second, governments and citizens viewed a constitution as the pillar of liberal democracy. However, Heywood (2007) argues that the twoShow MoreRelatedGlobalization - Turkey1743 Words   |  7 Pagesoutstanding performance characterized by continuous growth. With a solid macroeconomic strategy accompanied by prudent fiscal measures and major structural reforms in place since 2002, the Turkish economy has become integrated in a global environment and transform the country into one of the most popular destinations in the region for FDI. 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Trias Politica As a relatively new country less than a quarter of a millennium old, the USA operates with a codified constitution ratified in 1788. This document outlines a national framework of government. Key to this is the notion of a separation of powers, whereby the executive, judiciary and legislature are separate and independent of each other. The president of the

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Workplace Health and Safety acts in Australia

Question: Describe about the workplace health and safety acts in Australia. Answer: Introduction Establishment of the safer and secure approaches within an organisational scenario helps in achieving the success of the business. The promotion of the workplace health and safety approaches is the driving force for retaining staffs and increasing the productivity (Chan-Mok, Caponecchia and Winder 2014). The implementation of the safe and healthy practices may sometimes require the higher cost of installing the safe equipments. However, ignoring such actions would be even much severe for a workplace. The employers have to maintain their responsibilities to promote the health and safety within the workplace, which will be signifying that the employees or the customers would not face any health related hazards (Stavropoulos 2014). Each of the state and the territory has to set the principle of the health and safety acts to ensure the needs related to the workplace health and safety aspects. The study is based on the promotion of the health and safety approaches in NSW, Australia. The study will be associated with the responsibilities of both the employers and employees towards the act. This segment will be followed by the set of objectives related to the health and safety acts. The association of the human resource responsibilities in implementing the OHS and acts within a workplace will also be discussed accordingly. Workplace Health and Safety Acts in NSW, Australia The implementation of the occupational health and safety approaches in Australia is considering the development of the national policy. The Union Charter of Workplace Rights mentioned, Australian law must ensure healthy and safe workplaces and a compensation and rehabilitation system which ensures that no worker is disadvantaged should they be injured at work (Safeatwork.org.au. 2016). The implementation of such acts is helpful enough in improvising the work health and safety arrangements by providing the compensation to the workers across Australia. WHS act in NSW is mainly concentrating on both preventing and improving the safety culture within the organisations in New South Wales (Galvin 2016). The principles related to the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 is backed by the regulations related to the work place health and safety. It is to be indicated that the WHS Act 2011 has enlarged the amount of people who are associated with the duty of care (Workplaceohs.com.au 2011). Furtherm ore, it can be stated that the employers need to manage their responsibilities towards successful management of the risks involved in the workplac The WHS act in NSW is associated with a set of objectives, which are as follows: Objectives of OHS Acts The objectives set for promoting the workplace safety act (WHS) are as follows: To provide the proper advice for improvising the work health and safety and minimise the risks To offer the registration and licensing for potential risks related to the works To investigate the incidents in workplace To install the testing services and enact the laws related to WHS in NSW. Concept of Workplace Health and Safety Organisational health and safety or the workplace health and safety are considered as a disciplinary approach based on the safety and security of the stakeholders in the workplace. The enactment of the health and safety laws is concentrating on the guiding principles related to the safer approaches maintained in the workplace (Richardson 2013). The mining industry is mostly associated with the maximum risks for the employees while working with the work related instruments. Apart from the mining industry, employees of health care departments and other industries are also associated with such work place risks. However, the implementation of the workplace safety law has been improvising the productivity of workplace activities (Schofield, Reeve and McCallum 2014). The employers in NSW found out that the employees engaged with the mining industry are much involved with the risks. Hence, the act has been implemented to minimise or prevent the hazardous situations that may harm the employe es within a workplace. Responsibilities of the employers and the employees towards OHS Acts The enactment of the workplace health and safety law is mainly depending on the responsibilities maintained by the employers to facilitate the organisational based activities. The maintenance of the responsibilities has been ensuring the prevention or the minimisation of the probable risks that the employees may face while performing any organisational activity (Santos et al. 2013). The set of the responsibilities that are needed to be maintained by the employers are listed as follows: The employers need to maintain the safe plant, such as equipments and other machineries along with the safe system of work. The employers need to control the areas associated with high risks (Blewett et al. 2014). Falling from the heights may create the permanent injuries to the workers. Therefore, the system should be implemented to prevent such falls. The employers need to concentrate on the proper arrangements for the safer actions while using, handling, or transporting the chemicals including some harmful materials. The employers need to keep the fire extinguisher services and the biometric alarm system to prevent the workplace from catching fire. The workers are needed to be provided with the adequate facilities of drinking water, hygienic areas of having food, clean toilets, and so on. The proper training and development session is needed to be provided to the workers to minimise the risks related to the organisational activities. Adequate monitoring process of workers health is necessary for the employers. For example, while the employers need to provide the employees the hearing tests, it may create the high noise level (Johnstone, Bluff and Clayton 2012). Hence, it is needed to be concentrated on such parameter. The employers should implement a record system where the information about the health and safety of the workers would be recorded. It is essential to recruit the people with proper qualification or expertise that will be helpful enough in advising about the safer approaches. Even the employees need to maintain their responsibilities towards the company. While making some complaints or inquiry, the employees need to use the languages taught by the trainers (Shea et al. 2016). More specifically, the information regarding such aspects is needed to be followed. Purpose of Implementing the OHS acts It is much important to consult with the employees for the enactment of health and safety laws for managing the actions more effectively. The consultation process helps the employers to pay attention towards any work health related hazards that may cause harm to the employees. More specifically, the process is even helpful enough in promoting the positive traits of the health and safety cultures (Waldron 2013). Accordingly, the employees receive the opportunity to influence the associated procedures and policies. The bonding between the employers and the employees are also becoming much strong (Safeatwork.org.au 2016). The failure of the communication may affect the employees and the risks may increase accordingly. The health and safety representatives (HSR) have been playing much significant role in the workplaces of NSW. Schofield, Reeve and McCallum (2014) mentioned that the major responsibility of the HSR is to provide the proper means for the workers that will be helpful enough in raising the safety issues to the management. In focusing on such issues, the employer would undertake the relevant process for resolving them. The representatives are elected and they usually represent the risk management teams to discuss the issues received from the employees. While conducting the process of selecting the representatives for the work place health and safety, some of the steps are needed to be followed. As per the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, the workplace needs to include one or more work groups. The negotiation of people included in the work group can take place. Santos et al. (2013) suggested that the HSR is needed to be accessible for each of the employees. The negotiation process starts within 14 days of the request date. This negotiation process includes the composition of the work groups within the workplace. Moreover, the number of HSR and deputy HSR is also needed to be determined. All members of the group can vote for selecting the HSR. After three years the HSR needs to leave the work group by providing the resignation letter (Johnstone, Bluff and Clayton 2012). The associated training and development process is also needed to be considered. The Role of HR in maintaining the workplace health and safety The human resource management has to maintain the significant responsibilities in promoting the health and safety act within the workplace. The set of responsibilities maintained by the HR is as follows: The major duty of an HR is to explain both the employees and the authority about the necessity of the safe environment of an organisation. In some of the cases, the compliance of health and safety technicalities requires the suggestions of the supervisors or the consultants (Stavropoulos 2014). Therefore, the HR performs the role of the mediator between the consultants and the employees. The establishment of the proper communication transparency between the employees and the employer is much necessary and the HR needs to promote such practices. Simultaneously, the HR needs to represent the issues raised by the employees within the workplace (Workplaceohs.com.au 2011). Boosting the morale and motivating the employees to be more committed towards the organisation are the major concerns of an HR. Conclusion Workplace health and safety is one of the major aspects within a workplace. While recruiting the employees, the employers have to consider the workplace safety that will prevent the hazardous situation from being faced by the employees. Therefore, the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 was established in the workplaces of NSW, Australia. The principles of workplace health and safety need to concentrate on several objectives that are necessary to be followed while promoting the act of health and safety. It is to be indicated that both the employers and the employees need to maintain the set of responsibilities to promote the workplace safety and security. The consultants need to provide some advices while making any decision based on this aspect. The representatives are selected by the group members and they present the safety related concerns to the higher authority. The human resource management is also playing the vital role in promoting the practices of workplace health and safety. T he HR helps in establishing the communication transparency between the employers and the employees. Even sometimes, they work as the mediator to convey the messages of the employees to the HSR. The maintenance of these aspects has been promoting the safer approaches within the workplace. References Blewett, V., Rainbird, S., Clarkson, L., Etherton, H. and Paterson, J., 2014. Strategic engagement: including youth in the development of the Youth Work Health and Safety Strategy for South Australia. InHuman Factors in Organizational Design and Management XI: Nordic Ergonomics Society Annual Conference Proceedings(pp. 711-716). Chan-Mok, J.O., Caponecchia, C. and Winder, C., 2014. The concept of workplace bullying: Implications from Australian workplace health and safety law.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,21(3), pp.442-456. Consultaustralia.com.au. 2016.Workplace Health Safety (OHS). Galvin, J., 2016. Director and senior management accountability for workplace health and safety.AusIMM Bulletin, (Feb 2016), p.56. Johnstone, R., Bluff, E. and Clayton, A., 2012.Work health and safety law and policy. Thomson Reuters. Richardson, K., 2013. The application of a workplace health and safety obligation to the common law duty of care.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Sexualization of Children

Introduction Bare midriffs, spaghetti strap tops, skinny jeans and short shorts all once belonged in the realm of teen/young adult clothing yet as of late there has been a growing trend wherein such clothing choices have now become common place among children aged 12 and below (Gill, 137-160).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexualization of Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such is the influence of modern day popular culture that sexualization and objectification has not been limited to adults and teens but has now begun to encompass children as young as 7 to 10 years of age (Bill, 1). Sexualization can be defined as process where an individual’s sense of personal â€Å"value† is actually based on sex appeal or a predefined and narrow standard of attractiveness (Goodin et al. 1). This has resulted in the proliferation of numerous clothing lines, products and even popular culture sh ows which place a certain degree of sexualization on children resulting in the creation of what is now perceived as a cultural norm when it comes to children wearing clothes or displaying behaviors with distinct sexual undertones that is many years ahead of when they should be displaying such attitudes (Bartlett, 106-11). Even parents themselves have contributed to the modern day adoption of the idea that it’s perfectly alright to employ a certain degree of sexualization on children as evidenced by their continued patronage of toys, clothing styles and TV shows for their children that have themes depicting early child sexualization (Albiniak, 1). Based on this it can clearly be seen that children have been sexualized at an earlier age as compared to their counterparts form 30 years ago yet it must be questioned whether such an early rate of sexualization actually has an adverse impact on their emotional, behavioral and social development. Several studies examining early child hood development do indicate that a child’s formative years (age 4 to 12) is a period in which they begin to develop the behavioral characteristics and ideologies that influence their subsequent adult behaviors and actions. Aspects related to religion, culture and ideologies introduced during this early stage of development reflect well into adulthood and become an integral aspect of who a person is to become. It is based on this developmental backdrop that parents and society developed the notion that early onset exposure to sexualized content will have an adverse effect on a child’s development and as such children should be inculcated early on with positive societal messages in the form of cooperation, peaceful action and other similar behavioral characteristics that espouse the creation of a socially acceptable persona (Kopkowski, 220).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other studies though have stated that sexualized media in modern day popular culture such as those seen in TV shows, movies and magazines and other similar forms of consumable media actually have a positive effect on children resulting in the development of independent, socially well adjusted children that from an early age are capable of utilizing what they perceive from sexualized media to become more socially well adjusted as compared to their peers that have been exposed to little if next to no sexualized content. What such studies are attempting to suggest is that the early sexualization that children are exposed to as a result of modern day pop culture and the media actually leads them to experience the full gamut of emotions denied to them by their parents and society as a direct result of the prevailing social idea that children should not exposed to sexuality at an early age (Merskin, 119-129). In the words of Melanie Moore â€Å"it enables them to explore the inescapable feelings that they’ve been taught to deny and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more complete and more resilient selfhood†. While such notions are relatively alien to the current prevailing societal consensus regarding children and sexuality it does make a valid argument. Sexuality is an aspect of normal human behavior, while society disparages its utilization and expression it must be noted that it is a normal feeling that has been with humans since the beginning of evolution. Coming to a complete realization of its effective utilization while at the same time limiting its use through calm analytic thinking is actually a rite of passage for most individuals. It is based on this what this study will attempt to confirm is whether the current trend in the early sexualization of children has a purely negative effect or if there is an underlying positive effect to this level of exposure. From a certain perspective it can be stated that: it is only due to age old conservative social institutions that it is believed that children are being sexualized at an early age when it fact there is no particular limit to the age in which children should learn aspects related to being a mature individual. Negative Influence of Popular Culture on the Concept of Beauty and Sexuality The influence of popular culture on modern day society can be interpreted as a form of irrational exuberance which is defined as the act of people modeling their behavior on the actions of other people without sufficient justification for doing so. In the case of children models/child actors seen in magazines and print ads children/parents see these models, which pop culture defines as the epitome of beauty, and attempt to emulate them by buying the products that the magazines say can help you achieve the same level of flawlessness as them (Schwed, 19). Yet this beauty is nothing more than a false image made to entice the masses towards buying a particular p roduct however this doesn’t stop people from attempting to emulate them in whatever way they possibly can.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexualization of Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What must be understood is that ours is a culture obsessed with the idea of perfect beauty; flawless skin, blemish free features, thin waistlines, striking eyes, perfect noses and not a pimple in sight yet such an obsession has been fueled by nothing more than lies and hypocrisy which has all been for the sake of making money (APA: Analysis Of Published Research Shows Sexualized Images Harmful To Girls, Women, 1). The fashion industry alones makes billions of dollars a year by presenting women with products and clothing styles that are meant to emphasize sexiness or make them look more like the â€Å"standards† of physical attractiveness that many magazines espouse. Yet this is nothing more than a farce; such beauty and elegance can be summed up in one word â€Å"Photoshop†; they aren’t real, no one has eyes that striking, no one has legs that flawless, people don’t glisten in natural light, they really aren’t that thin, and hair doesn’t normally shimmer that way as if they stepped straight out of a Palmolive commercial. It is fake, unnatural yet it has created an obsession with beauty and perfection that has dominated the fashion industry resulting in the proliferation of photoshopped imagery on almost every page of major fashion magazines around the world (Reynolds, 9). Not only that, sensuality and sexiness have now become so integrated into modern day popular culture that the sheer proliferation of ads, commercials, movies and TV shows that emphasize the necessity of women appearing in this particular fashion has begun to affect children wherein they themselves look at the sensual and the sexy and develop the notion that this is what they should be (Harris, 1). Evidence of this can easily be seen in the current proliferation of modern day media in the form of TV shows and movies which also show child stars and actors in various revealing styles of sexualized clothing, scenes or basically wearing a lot of makeup that is more suitable for adults (Odone, 18). This has furthered reinforced the message being presented by photoshopped model images in that in order to be considered beautiful you must try to emulate the model that the pictures in magazines show (International Business, 12). Media/Social Media that Causes Kids to be Sexualized at an Early Age Action figures, dolls and cartoons are an ubiquitous part of the childhood of most people within the U.S., with various individuals owning/ watching some variation of these aspects of popular culture in one form or another. Based on various studies of childhood development children actually looked up to and tried to emulate the attitudes and characteristics of the c artoons they saw on television.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When examining past and current trends in cartoons, action figures and dolls a rather strange phenomenon was noticed wherein over the years since the 1980s action figures and cartoon heroes took on greater degrees of musculature and size resulting in almost freakishly large heroes as compared to their counterparts prior to the 1980s. Even dolls for girls took on greater degrees of overtly sexual characteristics with emphasis being placed on looks, sexuality and fashion. Behavioral Development While most individuals merely categorized this as a changing trend which was a direct result of the shifting nature of popular culture it must be noted that such changes had a distinct impact on the mannerisms, attitudes and manner in which children believed they should act and mature into. Studies examining the resulting developmental characteristics of children who grew up prior to the overly muscular and sexual trend of the 1980s showed nearly opposite developmental beliefs compared to child ren who grew up during and after the 1980s trend. It was noted that male children who grew up during and after the trend developed the notion that being overly muscular was normal and a state to develop into. It was a notion that was completely at odds with the idea of children who grew up prior to the trend who believed an average non-muscular physique was normal and what should be attained. This particular difference was also noted in female children who believed that the overtly sexual style and concentration on appearance, fashion and sexuality was what they needed to become in order to be considered normal as compared to the popular notions among children prior to the 1980s which showcased a vastly different and more conservative view on what was considered normal (Helping Kids Manage Their Media, 37). Cultural Impact What must be understood is that the resulting cultural impact of the change in the depiction of toys and cartoon heroes into either overly muscular or overly sexu al characters was noted as being one of the reasons behind the prevalence of various individual behavioral characteristics today such as the belief that looking muscular will make a person popular, that overly sexualized clothing is normal and that violence is a regular aspect of life (Helping Kids Manage Their Media, 37). While it may be true that such characteristics do not define a majority of the population it is still prevalent in large percentages with various studies confirming that one of the reasons behind their prevalence is their connection to the trend mentioned throughout this paper that began in the 1980s and continues to this day. Pop Culture and Identification One of the prevailing arguments against letting children see sexualized media is the supposed potential that exists of children imitating what they see in magazines, movies and television shows (Helping Kids To Stop Celebrating Consumption, 11) (Let’s stop teaching preschoolers to be sexy, 220). Studies examining the effect pop culture has on children reveal that on average children, especially young children, have the tendency to emulate child pop culture icons such as Hannah Montana, Spongebob Squarepants and other similar forms of identifiable imagery (Nairn, 54-60). In fact this behavioral aspect is even noted in members of the adult community and as such is the basis for many arguments stating the potentially harmful effects sexualized media could have on a child’s â€Å"proper† sexual development. What must be understood is that the arguments being presented neglect to take into account the fact that parental influences play a contributing and limiting factor to some aspects of a child’s behavior and as such should be trusted as a means of enabling children to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong (Young, 10). In fact, various studies have even shown that parental influences play a major role in personality development resulting in either pr oper growth and maturity or the instilment of negative personality traits similar to immaturity, dependence, and an overall sense of being unable to become self-reliant (Parsons, 5). The development of a child’s behavior is not dependent on consumable media alone but rather on how parent’s influence and mold a child’s behavior. As such even though sexualized media content is introduced to a child it can be stated that so long as parents are there to enable a child to distinguish right from wrong then there is little cause for concern (Egan and Hawkes, 307-322). It must be noted though that in cases where there is a distinct degree of parental absenteeism a child’s behavioral development will thus be predominantly influenced by external sources which should be a cause for concern since such instances have been shown to be influential factors in the development of abnormal personality traits which manifest in early onset sexually deviant behavior. Developme nt and Human Emotion Studies examining the prevalence of independent action and initiative in children show that on average children with the most well rounded set of emotional development often show the most drive and initiative when it comes to independent action and leadership roles. While various studies which have examined the potential effect of early child sexualization may not explicitly state it in their articles it is actually implied that children who are not exposed to certain types of â€Å"mature† media tend to not develop independent personalities but rather take on dependent behavioral characteristics (Hatch, 195-211). It must be noted that society’s adherence to the belief that exposure to sexuality is bad for children has in fact resulted in parents developing parental practices that espouse isolation from any and all forms of reference to sexual behaviors (Combe, 104). In fact such practices have grown to such an extent that the concept of social con formity and how the expression of sexuality is an adverse form of behavior is often forced upon children resulting in the suppression of the development of certain aspects of their emotional makeup. This has resulted in children developing behavioral characteristics akin to dependence, conformity and a distinct lack of initiative due to a form of trauma in which they associate aspects related to socially unacceptable conduct to the suppressive actions of their parents. This causes them to withdraw into themselves rather than become more expressive. As various studies have noted which have examined this type of phenomena children that are allowed to be exposed to â€Å"mature† media (sexualized content, violent shows etc.) tend to be more expressive, open minded and have more access to the full gamut of their emotional capacities compared to children whose emotional growth has been inadvertently suppressed by their parents. What must be understood is the fact that current day parental practices assume that exposure to sexualization is bad based on preconceived societal notions when in fact there have been few studies which have actually successfully connected early sexualization to children developing into sexually deviant adults (Fox, 77). In fact, for the most part children exposed to various forms of sexualized media and products appear, for all intents and purposes, perfectly normal and turn into well rounded individuals. It must be noted that the parental predilection to believe that sexualized media has negative implications on children is grounded in institutional theory. Institutional theory specifically states that people have the tendency to adhere to traditional institutions rather than move towards more efficient newer institutions due to their belief that older institutions are more stable due to prolonged length of time that they’ve been around. In this particular case parents adhere to a specific type of social institution that beli eves that sexualized media and advertisements will create sexually deviant children and adults. Several studies examining parental predilections towards this particular type of institution have noted that when questioned as to why they adhere to the social institution in question the essence of all answers given show that parents do so due to their belief that since the institution has been around for such a long period of time and that it is widely accepted means that it must be right. What must be understood is that just because a social institution is widely accepted and has been around for a long time doesn’t make it automatically right. For example, one of the most widely accepted social institutions in the past was the belief that men were superior to women, this resulted in women being thought of as incapable of doing certain jobs, that the place of a woman was at home and that women did not have the right to decide the future of a country. Suffice it to say, such a vi ew has been recently debunked however it must be noted that it had persisted for several hundred years with most of human culture adhering to its tenets. It is based on this that the social institution advocating that sexualized media is bad for children should not be immediately credited as being absolutely correct. Historical precedent has shown that not all widely accepted societal views are correct and thus this one should not be considered as an absolute truth. Conclusion Based on the various examples presented it can be seen that the preconceived notions attached to sexualization is in fact fallacious and heavily embedded in parental practices that originate from a social institution that may not necessarily be correct. As it was shown by the various studies cited, children that are exposed to sexualized media in the form of advertisements, movies and TV shows develop into mature and behaviorally stable adults with few problems. In fact when taking the views of articles presen ted into consideration it can even be stated that the introduction of sexualized media can in fact enable children to develop stronger and more independent personalities that will enable them to express themselves better, take the initiative more and be more likely to overcome adverse situations as compared to their peers that were not exposed to sexualized media. While it may be true that when parents prevent their children from viewing â€Å"mature† media they are under the belief that they are in effect helping their children grow into better adults but the truth is what they are doing is in effect stunting the full emotional growth of their children. As explained earlier, traits related to sexuality are inherent parts of a person’s normal emotional makeup and as such are a necessary aspect in enabling an individual to grow into an emotionally stable person. Negative emotional qualities help to balance the positive aspects of an individual’s personality so as to enable them to live a balanced life. By denying children the ability to develop the full gamut of their behaviors from an early stage parents are in effect hindering them from being able to mature at a normal pace which may actually lead to the development of abnormal personalities. This can take the form of dependence, childishness and the inability to take care of oneself without being instructed. It is based on this that in the case of the early sexualization of children this paper agrees with the assessment that it is up to the parents to properly guide children regarding aspects related to sexuality and sexualization and that it cannot really be stated that it is ever too early to start the building blocks of developing a more well rounded set of behavioral traits within a child and as such this paper suggests that while children are being sexualized at an early age as compared to their counterparts from 30 years ago this may not necessarily be an adverse situation based on the data that has been presented in this study.. Works Cited Albiniak, Paige. â€Å"Ad Market Shows Signs Of Recovery.† Daily Variety 310.50 (2011): A1.Print â€Å"APA: Analysis Of Published Research Shows Sexualized Images Harmful To Girls, Women.† Media Report To Women 35.2 (2007): 1. 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